History

Major in History

BASIC REQUIREMENTS
One course from World and European History
HIS 101  Ancient Mediterranean World
HIS 122  Medieval & Early Modern Civilization
HIS 135  World History I:  Foundations of World Civilization
HIS 136  World History II:  Making of the Modern World
HIS 137  20th Century World History

One course from United States History
HIS 151  United States 1585-1800
HIS 152  United States in the 19th Century
HIS 153  United States Since 1865

AREA REQUIREMENTS (at least two must be 300-level courses)

Two courses from European History
HIS 232  Russia & the Soviet Union
HIS 240  Heroes & Villains*
HIS 251  History of England I
HIS 252  History of England II
HIS 261  Renaissance
HIS 262  Reformation
HIS 266  19th Century Europe
HIS 267  20th Century Europe
HIS 275  Women’s Work*
HIS 283  Topics in European History
HIS 315  World War II Era*
HIS 345 Sex and Society in Early Modern Europe
HIS 361  The Early Middle Ages (500-1000) (Medieval History I)
HIS 362  The Later Middle Ages (1000-1500) (Medieval History II)
HIS 370  Early Modern Europe
HIS 373  The Holocaust *
HIS 374  Germany since 1800
HIS 375  France since 1789
HIS 383  Advanced Topics in European History

Two courses from United States History
HIS 202  History of Race & Ethnicity in the US
HIS 204  US Women’s History
HIS 205  History of US Medicine
HIS 207  History of US Popular Culture
HIS 208  American Indian History
HIS 212  African-American History
HIS 215  US & Latin America
HIS 216  Pennsylvania
HIS 240  Heroes & Villains*
HIS 272  History of US Foreign Relations
HIS 275  Women’s Work*
HIS 280  Living on Earth
HIS 283  Topics in US History
HIS 310  History of the US West
HIS 311  US Social History
HIS 312  US Economic History
HIS 315  World War II Era*
HIS 322  City in American History
HIS 373  The Holocaust *
HIS 383  Advanced Topics in US History

Two courses from World History
HIS 211  African History
HIS 215  US & Latin America
HIS 220  History of the Caribbean
HIS 221  Ancient Cultures of Latin America
HIS 224  Latin American History
HIS 228  Dictators & Revolutionaries
HIS 236 Magic in World History
HIS 237  Gender, Women, Power in the Global South
HIS 240  Heroes & Villains*
HIS 241  East Asia to 1800
HIS 242  East Asia from 1800
HIS 254  Middle East 500-1500
HIS 255  Middle East 1500-1900
HIS 256  Modern Middle East
HIS 275  Women’s Work*
HIS 277  History of the Family in Latin America
HIS 283  Topics in World History
HIS 315  World War II Era*
HIS 330  Mexico
HIS 340  Women & Gender in Latin America
HIS 352  African Diaspora
HIS 373  The Holocaust *
HIS 380  Modern India
HIS 383  Advanced Topics in World History

*These courses can count for any Area requirement

SEMINARS

Two different Seminars

HIS 493  US History Seminar
HIS 494  European History Seminar
HIS 495  World History Seminar

RELATED COURSES

Three History courses or History Department approved related courses from Art History, Education, Economics, Political Science, Philosophy, Sociology or Religious Studies.

For History Majors, a History course may not count for both History Major credit and General Studies Humanities credit.

Combined Major in History

REQUIREMENTS:

BASIC REQUIREMENTS

One course from World and European History
HIS 101  Ancient Mediterranean World
HIS 122  Medieval & Early Modern Civilization
HIS 135  World History I:  Foundations of World Civilization
HIS 136  World History II:  Making of the Modern World
HIS 137  20th Century World History

One course from United States History
HIS 151  United States 1585-1800
HIS 152  United States in the 19th Century
HIS 153  United States Since 1865
AREA REQUIREMENTS (at least one must be 300-level courses)

One course from European History
HIS 232  Russia & the Soviet Union
HIS 251  History of England I
HIS 252  History of England II
HIS 261  Renaissance
HIS 262  Reformation
HIS 266  19th Century Europe
HIS 267  20th Century Europe
HIS 283  Topics in European History
HIS 345  Sex and Society in Early Modern Europe
HIS 361  The Early Middle Ages (500-1000) (Medieval History I)
HIS 362  The Later Middle Ages (1000-1500) (Medieval History II)
HIS 370  Early Modern Europe
HIS 373  The Holocaust *
HIS 374  Germany since 1800
HIS 375  France since 1789
HIS 383  Advanced Topics in European History

One course from United States History
HIS 202  History of Race & Ethnicity in the US
HIS 204  US Women’s History
HIS 205  History of US Medicine
HIS 207  History of US Popular Culture
HIS 208  American Indian History
HIS 210  US Working Class History
HIS 212  African-American History
HIS 215  US & Latin America
HIS 216  Pennsylvania
HIS 240  Heroes & Villains*
HIS 275  Women’s Work*
HIS 280  Living on Earth
HIS 283  Topics in US History
HIS 310  History of the US West
HIS 311  US Social History
HIS 312  US Economic History
HIS 315  World War II Era*
HIS 322  City in American History
HIS 383  Advanced Topics in US History

One courses from World History
HIS 211  African History
HIS 215  US & Latin America
HIS 220  History of the Caribbean
HIS 221  Ancient Cultures of Latin America
HIS 224  Latin American History
HIS 228  Dictators & Revolutionaries
HIS 236 Magic in World History
HIS 237  Gender, Women, Power in the Global South
HIS 241  East Asia to 1800
HIS 242  East Asia from 1800
HIS 254  Middle East 500-1500
HIS 255  Middle East 1500-1900
HIS 256  Modern Middle East
HIS 277  History of the Family in Latin America
HIS 283  Topics in World History
HIS 330 Mexico
HIS 340  Women & Gender in Latin America
HIS 352  African Diaspora
HIS 380  Modern India
HIS 383  Advanced Topics in World History

*These courses can count for any Area requirement

ELECTIVE

One History course at the 200 or 300 level

SEMINAR

One Seminar
HIS 493  US History Seminar
HIS 494  European History Seminar
HIS 495  World History Seminar

For history combined majors, a History course may not count for both History Major credit and General Studies Humanities credit.

Interdisciplinary Major in American Civilization

The Major in American Civilization offers a framework for those students who wish to take an interdisciplinary approach to American culture. As it developed in the years following World War II, the American studies movement here and abroad included literary scholars who gave new weight to the historical context of the texts they read, as well as historians eager to move beyond the main lines of political and economic historiography into other fields of endeavor and forms of expression.

To these early forays were added contributions of art historians and musicologists, folklorists and specialists in material culture. This mix of disciplines, methods and objects has prompted earnest (and much debated) attempts to develop a unified methodology, and, at best, has elicited from American studies specialists an unusual degree of methodological self-consciousness. We hope to instill our interdisciplinary majors with a clear and responsible sense of the ways in which one may study American culture.

Much of the work of American Civilization takes place in the History and English Departments.

Requirements:

• Two lower level courses from HIS 151, 152, 153, 212, 216 or 240
• Two upper level courses from HIS 311, 312 or 322
• Four courses from ENG 210, 380, 384, 385, 386, THR 388 or certain sections of ENG 235 (consult with Professor Pankratz)
• One from Philosophy or Religious Studies
• One additional course: ART 107; ECO 105, 335, or 336; PHI 216; POL 101, 210, 231/331, 322 or 334; REL 261 or 262; or SPA 308

American Civilization Majors with an emphasis in Literature:

• ENG 399 or 491

American Civilization Majors with an emphasis in History:

• HIS 493

American Civilization Majors interested in historical museum studies should take HIS 311 or 312 and complete a supervised internship at either the Landis Valley Farm Museum near Lancaster or the William Penn Museum in Harrisburg.

Students interested in this major should consult Professor Pankratz in the History Department.

Minor in History

The purpose of the History Minor is to provide Albright students with the opportunity to gain further exposure to developments in history while focusing on their chosen majors. A Minor in History complements majors in many fields, from Art or Biology to Sociology or Theatre thus allowing students to enjoy an interdisciplinary curriculum of the liberal arts mission.

Requirements:

Five History courses, to be taken across three levels (100-, 200- or 300-level) and two of the three geographical fields (US, Europe, World). (See the History Major requirements for a list of courses by geographical field)

Professional and Pre-professional programs and the History Major

History Majors and Combined Majors considering law school should confer with the pre-law adviser. Suzanne Palmer, J.D., LL.M., an attorney and Assistant Professor of Economics and Business in the Business, Accounting and Economics Department, is an experienced pre-law adviser who can guide students through the process of preparing for a career in law and the law school application process.

History Majors and Combined Majors interested in pursuing Albright’s teacher certification program should consult with the chair of the Education Department, Rodney Warfield, Ed.D., as soon as possible.

Secondary Social Studies Education

Students in History or Political Science preparing for a career in social sciences education take History and Political Science courses and a series of Education and other courses specified by the Education Department to meet Pennsylvania Department of Education regulations. As early as possible in their college experience, candidates for teacher certification in social studies should consult the Requirements section of the Education website and the chair of Education regarding specific course requirements. The Social Studies Education certification is a grades 7-12 program.

HIS 101
Ancient Mediterranean World
This course is meant to familiarize students with several of the ancient civilizations that contributed to the formation of the Western and Middle Eastern worlds. It centers primarily on the societies that developed around the Mediterranean Sea, including the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Greek, and Roman. The course includes not just political developments such as the rise and fall of major empires and their social hierarchies, but also the emergence and decline of religious cultures; the status of women and children; and the ways in which political, cultural, and social phenomena of the ancient world still affect lives today. General Studies Foundations-Humanities

HIS 122
Medieval and Early Modern Civilization
The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the major concepts and complications of pre-modern European history. The span of this class is ambitious: it begins with the fall of the Roman Empire, and it concludes at the cusp of the French Revolution. Because we are dealing with centuries of history, and a plurality of people and cultures, this course is really designed to present students with an overview of the era, and to stress the foundations of Western Civilization. Thematically, this class deals with topics such as the rise and splintering of the Christian faith, the emergence of political institutions in various nation-states, the changing constructs of sex and gender norms, the development of global capitalism, and the evolution of secularism in literature and in art. General Studies Foundations-Humanities.

HIS 135
World History I:  Foundations of World Civilizations
This course will introduce students to the general characteristics of the major civilizations and the epochs of world history to 1500. It will combine a general overview of global developments and a concern with the common elements in the human experience with specific study of the development of major distinct traditions in Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, India, China, Europe, Japan, Africa, and the Americas. Students will be encouraged to see events from a global rather than narrowly Eurocentric perspective. General Studies Foundations-Humanities

HIS 136
World History II: The Making of the Modern World
Survey of modern world history, focusing on the integration of the Old and New Worlds through the establishment of European colonial and trading empires, the global effects of the Scientific, Political (U.S. and France), and Industrial Revolutions, the impact of nineteenth-century European imperialism, the effects of the world wars on the global balance of power and decolonization, and the aftermath of the Cold War and the contemporary era of “globalization.” Stresses the interactions of world culture zones in the exchange of goods, peoples, and ideas rather than pursuing a Eurocentric perspective. General Studies Foundations-Humanities

HIS 137
20th Century World History
This course deals with the main developments of the twentieth century:  the legacies of the nineteenth century, the world wars, decolonization and the Cold War, world social and cultural changes, and globalization.  General Studies Foundations-Humanities

HIS 151
United States 1585-1800: The Origins of American Civilization
The new societies that emerged in North America in the 17th and 18th centuries were the products of a much broader process of migration, cultural encounter, conquest and exchange that began to accelerate in the Atlantic world after the Columbian voyages of the 1490s. As it turned out, some of these societies also formed the origins of the United States as a nation and the seeds of many of the institutions and impulses of American life. This course explores the colonial and revolutionary periods from both these perspectives.  General Studies Foundations-Humanities

HIS 152
The United States in the Nineteenth Century
The 19th century in the United States, as in many other regions of the world, was a period of fundamental and astonishingly rapid social and economic change. A capitalist world system, in which the American economy played an increasingly important role, implicated more and more people in a planetary web of market relations. Over the same period the process of industrialization altered the material bases of production and consumption with profound implications for the nature of work, the structure of families and people’s perceptions of time. In every aspect of human endeavor- politics, business, science, literature, the arts, sexuality and gender relations, child rearing – individuals, groups, and institutions struggled to adapt and to make sense of these changes. Our task in this course is to pose and to begin to answer a series of questions about these changes and these responses.  General Studies Foundations-Humanities

HIS 153
United States History Since 1865
This course starts in 1865 with the ratification of the 13^th Amendment, where the federal government abolished slavery as an institution, and ends with a discussion of gender and pornography overlaid by women’s and reproductive rights.  Taking a linear approach through important 20^th and 21^st century epochs, students will be asked to understand these distinctive time periods (Reconstruction, Progressive Era, Jim Crow, WWI, WWII, Cold War, etc.) at the intersection of race, gender, class, sexuality.  The crux of the class is continuously getting students to answer the question “Who is an American and why?” at different historical junctures.  During class discussions and assignments, students will be asked to critically engage with the ideal of Americanness as well as the social, cultural and legal construction of the American identity.  Students will grapple with how rights and privileges are outrightly given to one group of Americans while vehemently suppressed for others.  Ultimately, the limits and realities of the American Dream will be critically analyzed and carefully examined in a quest to understand how ideas of freedom and democracy are historically tethered to systemic oppression and discrimination. FOUNDATIONS-HUMANITIES 

HIS 161
Introduction to Public History
Public History is history that belongs to the public. It is seen, heard, read, and interpreted by the popular audience. By emphasizing the public context of scholarship, public history trains historians to transform their research to reach audiences outside the academy. In this way, students will be introduced to public history studying how, why, where, and who produces history outside of academic spaces. Central to these inquiries will be investigations into major themes in the theory, methods, and practice of public history: uncovering hidden histories, constructing interpretations, creating a sense of place, and negotiating contested memories. In addition to these discussions, we will examine several different types of public history: oral history, archives management, and historic preservation. Ultimately, students will enhance their awareness of how history is presented in the society around them. This course seeks to expose students to the methods, theories and practices so students may acquire skills necessary to manage, preserve and interpret historical records and artifact. THIS COUNTS AS A FOUNDATIONS COURSE

HIS J24
Drama of the American Past 
This class will use all the tools of theatre – speaking, acting, improvisation, dance, music, movement, playwriting, stagecraft – to bring to life primary sources from American history and to re-embody the motives and choices of individuals engaged in momentous encounters. General Studies Connections-Humanities. Interim Course.

HIS 202
History of Race and Ethnicity in the United States 
Race and ethnicity have played a significant, complicated, and more often than not, a misunderstood role in US history.  This course will survey the ways that race and ethnicity have been constructed and understood by Americans from the colonial era to the present, focusing on the way that class, gender, culture and politics, as well as biology, have defined race and the way that race and ethnicity have supported ideologies that have been used to both empower and subordinate the denizens of the United States. General Studies Foundations-Humanities

HIS 204
US Women’s History 
In this course, we will explore the ways in which society shapes our notion of what it means to be a “woman” and how women design and create their own lives. Our objective is to develop an understanding of women’s experiences in such areas as family, relationships, work and politics.  Throughout the course, we will explore how women of different races, classes, ethnicities and sexual orientations raise questions about their experiences and come into conflict with and make alliances with other women.  The course will begin with an examination of pre-contact indigenous women and end with women in the present day. General Studies Foundations-Humanities

HIS 205
Social History of Medicine and Public Health in the United States 
This course offers an introduction to the history of medicine and public health in the United States from the colonial period to the present.  It will address themes such as the emergence of the medical profession, the rise of the hospital, the relationship between medicine, science and politics, and the role of medicine in defining and interpreting bodies, health, and disease.  Students will explore these themes through historical documents, secondary sources, and historical monographs. General Studies Connections-Humanities

HIS 206
Healthy Cities: History of Urban Public Health in the United States 
This course offers an introduction to the history of urban public health in the United States from the colonial period to the present. It will address themes such as the changing definition of public health, from the control of contagious disease to the promotion of health, the battle to replace traditional ways of maintaining health with more efficient ones (keeping in mind language and cultural differences), the clash between individual civil liberties and protecting the public and the impact of economic conditions and changing political views.  We will start the course with a discussion of public health in colonial and revolutionary Philadelphia, move to a discussion of tuberculosis (the most urban of the nineteenth and early twentieth century diseases) among African Americans in Baltimore, take a detour out West to discuss public health among Mexican, Japanese and Chinese immigrants in California and conclude with an examination of the contentious world of politics and public health in New York City from the 1960s through the AIDS epidemic, 9/11 and the smoking and soda wars of the recent past. General Studies Connections-Humanities

HIS 207
History of United States Popular Culture
This course traces the changes in American popular culture from the Revolution to the present, focusing on the increasing levels of mediation represented by print, spectacular performance, radio, television, movies and recorded music. The course will narrate a history of the United States through popular culture, and by analyzing the once-fashionable products of earlier eras students will come to understand the significance of the popular culture of our own time. Because America’s popular culture altered as well as reflected the trajectory of American history, giving voice to and shaping the identities of Americans, this course also considers the intersections of popular culture with American political, economic, and social history by considering the ways that popular culture can be used to challenge social orders and the ways in which it can be co-opted and made to perpetuate social orders.  General Studies Foundations-Humanities

HIS 208
American Indian History  
American Indians have played a significant role in the economic, political, social, and cultural evolution of the United States. Through primary source and scholarly readings, lectures, discussions and critical writing assignments you will come to understood some facets of the diverse, rich, and significant history of North America’s indigenous peoples. This course will survey the history of North America’s indigenous peoples from the era of contact to the later twentieth century. At times the course will focus on the history of American Indians in their own right, at other times on issues of contact, conquest, and cultural and political accommodation. Of course you will become acquainted with some of the more well-known American Indian historical actors-Dakota chiefs such as Red Cloud or Sitting Bull, for example -and some of the crucial eras of American Indian history – like the Plains Wars -but you will also learn about less well-known indigenous women and men and become knowledgeable about broader regional and chronological transformations in American Indian history that may not be as widely understood.

HIS 210
US Working Class History
This course examines the history of work and the working class in the U.S. By tracing the history of the rise and decline of the American labor movement, the nature of cultural and political organizations, workers’ relationships with other social groups, leisure time and amusements, and the role played by gender, race, and ethnicity in uniting or dividing the working class, the course will attempt to provide answers to questions like: What is a social class?; How did American social classes form and how have they evolved?; What has been the significance of class as a force in shaping US history? While the class is designed to proceed chronologically through US history from the Early Republic to the present, it is not meant to be a comprehensive historical survey. Rather, it will attempt to cover the more salient events and trends in American working class history in the context of a broader American history.

HIS 211
African History
Africa has much to teach us.  It is the continent where human beings first evolved and where they made their most fundamental adaptations to the world around them.  Indeed, the subsequent history of African societies can be understood as a continuing series of creative adaptations to some of the most challenging environments on Earth.  The study of Africans’ social, political, technological, and spiritual responses to these conditions raises our awareness of what human beings can do.  It also feelingly persuades us of our limitations – something the history of the United States does less well. Only in the last forty years has African history received the kinds of scholarly attention that had been devoted earlier to the European and American pasts.  Only since then has the African story been unburdened of the racism that accompanied, and bolstered, Western imperialism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.  And so this is an enormously exciting moment in which to do African history.  Old myths have been deconstructed and new understandings are emerging regularly. Given the scale and variety of African geography and the span of African history, a semester’s course cannot pretend to treat many individual societies in depth.  But we can take advantage of that emerging information and understanding by raising questions and themes that have continent-wide implications:  questions about social and political structures; material culture and the organization of economic life – both productive and commercial; cultural contacts with peoples and traditions from outside Africa; slavery and the slave trade both within African societies and outside; responses of African societies to European colonialism; and the meaning of political independence in an economically interdependent world. General Studies Connections-Global-Humanities

HIS 212
African American History I
This course is the study of the African experience in America starting with pre-colonial Africa through the abolition of the slave trade and ending with emancipation in 1865. Taking a linear approach, this course will expose African American involvement in the American Revolution, free Black life in the new republic, and how slavery transformed and hardened during antebellum. The course will focus heavily on the slave trade and institution of American slavery paying special attention to the plantation-complex. Taking an intersectionality approach, this course will examine how race, gender, class, and region created a heterogenous African American experience. The theme of Black resistance undergirds the entire course. The aim of the course is to carefully review the facts of the early Black experience, expose the many myths, recognize the horrors and effects of bigotry and intolerance that were present and forming, and apply this information to our understanding of black/white conditions today. Documentary films, feature films, analytical essays, discussion-based lectures, guest speakers, and a class trip will be the sources that lead to an understanding of this important subject. GENERAL STUDIES FOUNDATIONS HUMANITIES

HIS 213
African American History II
This course will follow the Black experience in America starting with post-emancipation and ending during the nation’s contemporary period, thereby emphasizing certain important themes: Reconstruction, Jim Crow segregation, the Great Migration, Black women and the Club Movement, WWII and Double V, the Civil Rights Movement, the Black Power Movement, the 90’s, the so-called “Post-Racial” period and the Black Lives Matter Era. The course focuses on the challenges of achieving racial justice and equality in the face of adversity. The course looks at protest movements leading to institutional reform, African-American foundational contributions to the creation of a modern urban culture, overall American economic prosperity, and global power and leadership. Furthermore, taking an intersectionality approach, this course will examine how race, gender, and class was used to undergird the African American experience.

HIS 214
Civil Rights Protest and Black Power Action
Ratified in 1868, the 14^th Amendment of the United States Constitution granted all those born or naturalized in the U.S., citizenship including those formerly enslaved.  Less than thirty years later, law makers across the south passed a wave of Jim Crow statutes that prohibited African Americans from engaging in the most minimalist of civil liberties.  And with the election of the twenty-eighth president in 1913, Woodrow Wilson, Black-white segregation would be practiced in the federal government and made a way of life in the United States military.  But Black Americans and their allies organized and fought back against Jim Crow segregation at the state and federal levels.  This semester, students will learn about what scholars call the Long Civil Rights Movement.  Starting before the 1950s, students will learn about the early efforts of African Americans, as early as 1896, in an effort to understand the ways in which they organized to strategically challenge the legitimacy of the 14^th Amendment and if the federal government would protect them when their citizenship rights were trampled.  Students will understand how Civil Rights protesting gave way to a newer Black Power ideology and action grappling with ideas of Black nationalism.  Students will analyze the speeches, programming and community action of self-identified Black Power activists, namely those known as the Black Panthers.  Students will critically examine the federal government action COINTEL pro in order to understand how the federal government purposely targeted and sought to destroy these activists and their organizations.  Gender and sexuality will be discussed so that students may scrutinize and confront how sex – orientation and societal beliefs – sought to shape the leadership of the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power ideology as a whole and for those activists individually.  Class time will also be spent on the kids of the Black Power activists, the legacy of a movement. THIS COUNTS AS FOUNDATIONS-HUMANITIES

HIS 215
U.S./Latin American Relations
The great Latin American “liberator,” Simón Bolívar, commented that, “The United States seems destined to plague us with miseries in the name of liberty.” This course examines the historical development of the relationship between Latin America and the United States from Latin American independence to the present, concentrating mostly in the 20th century. It examines specific historical examples, including the Spanish-American War, the Panama Canal, the occupation of Haiti, the Cuban Revolution and the drug wars in Colombia. It also examines how this relationship developed in specific historical contexts, such as the Cold War. Students will discuss how the historic relationship and the present day context impact relations between Latin America and the U.S. today.

HIS 216
Keystone: Pennsylvania in the Wider World
Ethnically pluralistic, liberal, and commercial from the start, early Pennsylvania was probably a better indicator of what the United States as a whole would become than either Puritan New England or the Slave South. That role as a trendsetter makes Pennsylvania a useful test case, a small but clear window through which to study the broader forces that have transformed the world over the past three centuries: cultural encounter, the industrial revolution, labor migration, race relations, and de-industrialization.  General Studies Connections-Humanities

HIS 220
Pirates, Plantations and Sugar: History of the Caribbean
The Caribbean is an incredibly diverse region that boasts a rich and complex history. This course examines the history of the Caribbean from the time of the indigenous groups up to the 20th century. Students look at the indigenous cultures that preceded Spanish colonization, the shock of colonization, the age of the pirates and buccaneers, the growth of the plantation economy and the slave trade, the age of independence and the modern period. They will examine the modern period by studying four case studies – Haiti/Dominican Republic, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Commonwealth (English Speaking) Caribbean.

HIS 221
Ancient Cultures of Latin America
The great civilizations of the Americas flourished centuries before the Spanish arrived (uninvited) to those shores.  There were three great regions in Latin America in which cultures developed – in what is today central Mexico, in southern Mexico and northern Central America, and in Peru.  The final civilization in each of these regions was the Aztec, Maya, and Inca respectively, yet these empires were built on the foundation of the important civilizations that preceded them.  The course will be divided into three sections, and in each we will discuss one of these regions.  General Studies Global Connections-Humanities

HIS 224
Latin American History
This survey course examines Latin American history from the time of Columbus’ first voyages to the end of the 19th century. The course discusses the contact between and mixtures of diverse peoples in the Americas, especially the pre-Columbian populations, the Spanish and Portuguese, and the Africans brought forcibly to the Americas as slave laborers. It covers period of conquest, the colonial period, the wars of independence and the first decades of nation building in Latin America in order to build a foundation in Latin American history. The course examines political, economic, social and cultural factors and how they played off one another throughout the 400-year period. The readings are a combination of primary texts and scholarly works on Latin American history. Film is used to explore parts of this history. The course format is a combination of lecture and discussion.  General Studies Global Connections-Humanities

HIS 228
Dictators and Revolutionaries in Latin America
In the 20th century, Latin American nations have experienced cycles of revolutions, democracies and dictatorships. Revolutions have taken the form not only of familiar guerrilla-based insurrections, but also right-wing military coups. This course examines this cycle of revolution, democracy, and dictators by looking at several of the key revolutionary movements and some of the long dictatorships that have shaped Latin America during that century. Specifically, it examines the Mexican Revolution (1910-present), the Cuban Revolution (1959-present), and the Zapatista struggle (1994-present), and the political situations that either preceded or followed these revolutions. It also examines some of the right-wing coups and populist movements, specifically looking at cases in Argentina and Chile. Finally, students will discuss if revolution remains a viable way to promote change in Latin America in the 21st century.

HIS 232
Russia and the Soviet Union
This course examines the history of Russia beginning in 1861 and carries it to the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The themes covered include the causes of the decline of Tsarist Russia; the revolution of 1905 and the rise of Marxism Leninism; Lenin and the 1917 revolution; the social reforms of the new regime and the invention of “the new Soviet Man”; Stalin’s consolidation of power; the Soviet Union’s “Great Patriotic War”; the de-stalinization process; Soviet involvement in the Cold War; underground life in the Soviet Union; Gorbachev and Glaznost; and the post-Soviet Republics. Several novels and films are analyzed to understand the nature of life in the Soviet Union.

HIS 236
Magic in World History
People have been performing and enjoying magic around the world for centuries. This course analyses theatrical magic performance in a global context. It considers the creation and development of theatrical magical traditions in Europe, North America and Asia, and focuses on the 19th and 20th centuries. It considers how magic performances in different locations and time periods have articulated and portrayed social anxieties and contestations around issues of power, race, death, religion and gender. GENERAL STUDIES CONNECTIONS-HUMANITIES-GLOBAL

HIS 237
Gender, Women and Power in the Global South
This course explores the complex gender dynamics of women in non-Western societies during the years of Western imperialist domination, nationalist resistance struggles, and the post colonial era. This course begins by deconstructing the term “Third World” and seeing how that term can be read against the context of imperialism. This course examines gender constructs in the Global South (formerly Third World) through a variety of written and visual materials including autobiographical accounts, ethnographies, historical fiction, films, and slides. Topics include patterns of gender domination and female resistance; the interplay of race and gender hierarchies under colonial rule; the Western gaze and representations of Third World “primitive” Gender, and the feminization of labor and the global economy, reproductive strategies, and sex trafficking. General Studies Global Connections-Humanities

HIS 240
Heroes & Villains: A Cultural History of Fame
This course examines changes in the ways that different societies have chosen or recognized great individuals from their midst and the evolution of the reputations of heroic figures from earlier generations. As a history of knowing or perceiving, the course spans a broad chronology, from antiquity to the present day, and takes particular note of the media – oral traditions and myths, epics, coins, art and architecture, printed biographies and autobiographies, photographs, songs and electronic representations- through which glory has been conveyed. Among particular cases to be addressed: Jesus of Nazareth, Samuel Johnson, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.

HIS 241
Early East Asia 
This course provides a broad overview of the premodern histories of China and Japan, focusing on their institutional and cultural interaction, and their influence on the cultures of Korea and Vietnam. Subjects range from the early development of Chinese philosophy and statecraft to the development of the distinctive warrior ethic in Japan, from the elaboration of official court culture to the emergence of popular cultural forms. Throughout the course, students consider how Western images of East Asia have shaped our understanding of its civilizations. General Studies Connections-Global-Humanities

HIS 242
East Asia from 1800 to the Present
This course examines East Asia in the 19th and 20th centuries with special emphasis on China and Japan. The course includes the opening of East Asia by the Western powers; the modernization process; Japan’s rise to major power status; the Chinese Republican revolution; Japanese imperialism; the War in the Pacific; the Communist take-over of mainland China; the Korean War; Japan’s post-war reconstruction; the Chinese Cultural revolution; the post-Mao era; and Japan’s importance in the Western economy. General Studies Foundations-Humanities

HIS 251
History of England I
Sexual scandals, civil war and religious turmoil: this seems to sum up the era of the British monarchs known as the Tudors and the Stuarts. More than ever, popular culture draws from this period because it has all the makings of drama, beginning with the reign of Henry VII and culminating with what is known as the Glorious Revolution. This course will deal with the family intrigue of King Henry VIII (and his many wives), and Queen Elizabeth I, but it will also contextualize it within the political, economic, religious and intellectual strands of early modern England. The country experienced an epoch making break with the Catholic Church, it hosted the cultural peak of Shakespeare, overseas exploration/colonization in the New World and scientific contributions of men like John Dee – all of which made distinctions of identity between Britain and what was taking place on the European continent. General Studies Foundations-Humanities.

HIS 252
History of England II
This course is a study of England from 1760 to the present, emphasizing industrialism, imperialism, and the growth and decline of a liberal intellectual and political tradition.

HIS 254
From Byzantine to Ottoman: Middle East 500-1500
This course traces the articulation and development of Islamic Civilization from the appearance of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century CE to the spread of this civilizational impulse throughout much of Eurasia and Africa by the 15th century CE.  We will concentrate on the historical evolution of Islamic Civilization’s political, religious, cultural, and institutional aspects during this period. While the course is primarily organized on a chronological basis, the following topics will be covered in thematic lectures: literature, law, philosophy, theology, mysticism, and the visual arts.

HIS 255
Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safivids and Mughals: Middle East 1500-1900
Surveys Middle Eastern history from the era of Sulayman the Magnificent, the sixteenth-century Ottoman sultan, to the end of the nineteenth century. Geographically, focuses on the lands of the former Ottoman Empire, Persia, and Iran. Thematically, focuses on the transformation of state and society under the impact of a changing world economy and European colonialism.

HIS 256
Introduction to the Modern Middle East
This course seeks to outline the major transformations of the Middle East over the past two centuries, giving due weight to both internal changes and the influences of the global power structure. Although the main emphasis will be on such traditional concerns as high politics and economics, changes in the cultural and social lives of Middle Eastern peoples will also be addressed. In particular, we will examine how the large-scale developments in the region -those at the state or empire level -affected ordinary people of both sexes and all ethnicities and religious affiliations, through reading and discussing the life stories of a number of individuals from all walks of life. As well, we will use primary -source materials to gain an appreciation of how historians do their work and to reach our own interpretations of Middle Eastern history.

HIS 261
Renaissance
A preliminary examination of medieval contributions to the Renaissance is followed by a thorough analysis of the rise of Italian urban culture, the family in context with the Renaissance, religious movements, the papacy and the Church in an era of change, the revival of classics, the dynamic movements in art, humanism in Italy and Christian humanism in the north along with the changing nature of monarchy in the north. General Studies Foundations-Humanities.

HIS 262
Europe’s Reformations
This course will provide a comparative study of spiritual belief and practice in Europe between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. Rather than unpacking heavy theological or doctrinal issues, however, this class is more interested in the European peoples’ experiences in this era of transition from a monolithic religion to a plurality of spiritual options. We will explore late medieval efforts to reform the Church and Catholic practices; the rise of Protestantism and its cultural ramifications; the Catholic retaliation to the new religious challenges; and the economic, political and social changes that both laid the foundation for and evolved in response to European-wide reform efforts. Overall, what we will find is that this is a tumultuous and bloody era, filled with intolerance and persecution, of nationwide Wars of Religion and local conspiratorial plots against perceived enemies, as each faith was convinced that their way was the only way. It is only after the slaughter of thousands of people that the notion of religious toleration emerged. General Studies Foundations-Humanities.

HIS 266
Nineteenth-Century Europe
This course introduces students to the hallmarks of Europe’s 19th-century history. Historical and analytical constructs such as industrialization, social change, gender relations, racism, liberalism, nationalism, imperialism and socialism/communism provide the framework for examining specific topics including the French Revolution, the Congress of Vienna, the separation of gendered spheres, the revolutions of 1848, the unifications of Germany and Italy, dueling, honor and the “Scramble for Africa.” General Studies Global Connections-Humanities (formerly HIS 371)

HIS 267
Twentieth-Century Europe
This course introduces students to the concepts, trends and events fundamental to Europe’s development in the 20th century. Important themes – including socialism/communism, fascism, nationalism, racism, gender identity and post-war reconciliation – offer a framework within which students examine specific topics such as the First World War, the Russian Revolution, the rise of fascist regimes, the Second World War, the Cold War in Europe, the uprisings of 1968, the revolutions of 1989 and the war in the former Yugoslavia. General Studies Global Connections-Humanities (formerly HIS 372)

HIS 272
History of American Foreign Relations
A survey of American diplomatic history from the Revolutionary War to the present, with emphasis on the emergence of the United States from a position of isolation to a position of world prominence. The course concludes with an examination of America’s role as the leader of the free world.

HIS 275
Women’s Work: A Comparative Historical Perspective
This course focuses on the productive labor of half the planet’s people over the span of human history. Needless to say, we will not pretend to “cover” all that the topic entails. Instead, a number of theoretical perspectives and certain historical questions flowing from them will help students begin to make sense of some of the work that women have done in different geographical locations and in a range of specific agricultural, industrial and post-industrial settings. General Studies Global Connections-Humanities.

HIS 277
History of the Family in Latin America
The family, as both a cultural expression and a socio-economic unit, has played a seminal role in the historical development of Latin American.  The study of the family is important not only for understanding society, but for understanding the ways in which political and economic power is structured in the region.  The course will divided into two parts: part one will examine the colonial period and the nineteenth century, and part two the twentieth century.  In each section we will discuss different issues that have confronted Latin American families, such as family responses to the challenges of the church and/or the state; how poverty and wealth affect and create different types of families; how race and ethnicity play a role in the family structure; how families help to structure the economic realm of Latin America; how poverty perpetuates family disintegration, and some of the proposals of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) to try to mitigate that situation.  Finally, we will briefly discuss the issue of migration and family in Latin American and the United States.  General Studies Global Connections-Humanities

HIS 280
Living on Earth: An Ecological Approach to the American Past
This course brings a wide range of new ways of making sense of more than 500 years of American history. Much more than a chronicle of the environmental movement, the course considers the interrelationships among various lifeforms- plant, animal, microbial – in particular landscapes and climates, human strategies and technologies for wresting a living from the Earth, and value systems that have long promoted or, more recently, questioned economic developments, the basis for the American Dream. Particular themes include the impact of disease on American demography; conflict between Indian and European uses of land; the introduction of exogenous species and the extinction or near-extinction of indigenous ones; development of industrial-capitalistic modes of resource exploitation in the 19th century; and the social costs of that exploitation in our time.  General Studies Global Connections-Humanities.

HIS 299
Disease, Death and Society in Latin American 1850-1990
This course is designed to offer an introduction to major issues in public health by analyzing these issues from national and global perspectives.  A review of case studies and theoretical approaches will help illustrate the challenges – and solutions – involved in addressing diseases and illnesses in the 21st century.  This course will give special attention to the relationship of health to globalization, poverty, identity, and conflict. General Studies Connections-Global-Humanities

HIS 310
History of the US West
This course is designed to provide you with an overview of the history of the U.S. West as well as a thorough introduction to the practice of scholarly history. The notion of the “frontier” and its retreat in the face of the nation’s inexorable growth has become a national narrative bearing considerable cultural, social, and political power. The history of the US West has furnished Americans with some of our more potent and enduring sources of national identity and myth. Historians have come to agree that the historical record of the region is far more complex and that the American West, one of the most multicultural and multinational regions in the United States, has been home to a wide variety of peoples from diverse cultures and ethnic backgrounds that have played significant roles in shaping the history of not only the region but the of the nation. General Studies Connections-Humanities

HIS 311
United States Social History
This course alternates between two themes. The American Family, 1600-1900 addresses the gradual transition from the patriarchal family model of the Colonial period to the more mutual relations of Victorian America, and the relation of private life to social change through an examination of such topics as demography, gender, Revolutionary ideology, industrialization, and childrearing practices. The course examines significant differences and divisions within American society; the sources of these divisions in immigration patterns, economic development, and cultural expression; the ways in which different eras have understood class and ethnicity; and the attempts of institutions such as the church, the school, the law, political parties and the government to exacerbate or ameliorate social divisions.

HIS 312
United States Economic History: The United States as a Developing Country
This course surveys the history of American economic life from the 17th century to the present. Organized around the twin themes of growth and inequality, it charts how a relatively minor group of colonies developed into a world economic superpower, and how this transformation has shaped daily life in the United States and around the world. Among the topics we will discuss are: the differences between Native and colonial economies; the imperial context of early American economic development; the role of slavery in American economic development; the rise of wage labor and the gendering of economic activities; labor migration; the effects of war, corporate consolidation, and new technologies; the shifting part played by America’s governments in promoting, shaping, and sometimes constraining economic growth; and the striking rise in economic inequality in the late 20th century; and globalization. Students should note that this course employs primarily qualitative modes of analysis; course work in economics is not presumed. General Studies Connections-Humanities

HIS 315
The World War II Era
The World War II era witnessed transformations in social, political, and economic orders across the globe. This course traces the domestic and international developments of the era and assesses the war’s legacy. Though to a certain extent military events frame the chronology of events, the course will not focus exclusively on military history. The course will also highlight global events like the rise and fall of fascism, the Holocaust, the rise of anti-colonialism and movements of national independence, the rise of superpowers, and the emerging Cold War while considering the wider political, social, economic, and cultural historical developments and transformations. Through the careful, critical consideration of the stories that participants told themselves about the war as they experienced it, and the stories that historians and the public have created and told since in order to explain the significance of the event, this course will provide a forum in which you will gain a deeper understanding of the era as well as the practice of history itself. Fulfills US, European or World History requirement for History concentrators. General Studies Connections-Global-Humanities

HIS 322
The City in American History
This course explores the development of American cities from the colonial time to the present. Great emphasis is placed on the relationship of the growth of cities to the larger social, economic, and political developments in American society. The newer quantitative techniques used to describe historical developments in urbanization are also emphasized. General Studies Connections-Humanities

HIS 324
African Americans and the Great Migration
This course centers on what is commonly called the “Great Migration,” a period in American history where 6 million African Americans migrated out of the rural south to southern cities, northern cities and out West. This course will first start in the south by unpacking the WWI era racial and regional politics that created this migration examining closely the push and pull migration factors, i.e. what social/cultural norms, economic/legal barriers pushed Black women and men out of the rural south and what social awareness, economic opportunities, and freedoms pulled them to the cities and out West. This course will explore the connections between this out-migration and the larger struggle for freedom, namely the Civil Rights Movement. This course will also use a gendered lens in which to understand the racial, regional and urban politics experienced by Black migrants paying special attention to how each shifts gender ideology and gendered roles. CONNECTIONS-HUMANITIES

HIS 325
Rise and Fall of American Slavery
This course chronicles the rise and fall of slavery in the Americas.  Starting in the 1440’s with the trafficking of Africans by the Portuguese to the fall of the institution in Brazil in 1888, students will be exposed to the broad breath and reach.  Positioned as a system of white supremacy, this course fully explores how slavery became deeply entangled in the economic, social, political, cultural, educational and medical structures underpinning many modern-day systems, practices, and policies.  Through primary and secondary sources students will critically engage with the totality of the Transatlantic Slave Trade and the plantation slavery that followed throughout the Americas.  Students will bear witness to the worse crimes against humanity while grappling and analyzing the ethics and morals regarding decision-making to take and keep a person’s freedom away from them. Students learn about specific individual and collective resistance that culminated into grassroots activism and military action to take down the institution that was rooted in the very foundation of North, South and Central America’s history. THIS COUNTS AS CONNECTIONS-GLOBAL

HIS 330
Mexico: Race, Nation and Culture
This course will introduce students to the history of “Mexico.” The quotations are there for a reason. The Mexico we think of now has only existed since the 1820s, as a bureaucratic and administrative space. This course is a study of not only of Mexico as a country and state, but the formation of Mexico as an idea. Beginning in the pre-Columbian, the course will move to the colonial era, and close into modern day events in Mexico. Some of the events we will focus on will be life as a colony, connections to Asia, the turbulent 1800s, the Mexican Revolution, relations with the US, etc. The purpose will be to build not only an understanding of Mexico, but of the nation’s place within Latin America and the Globe. GENERAL STUDIES CONNECTIONS-GLOBAL-HUMANITIES

HIS 331
Antisemitism
In 1879, an antisemite named Wilhelm Marr coined the term “antisemitism,” thereby differentiating the modern hatred of Jews based in political and racial concepts from earlier forms of antijudaism rooted in ancient and contemporary religions. Often identified as the world’s longest documented hatred, antisemitism continues to permeate social, religious, cultural and political rhetoric. This course will endeavor to chart, through a series of chronological and typological case studies the evolution of antisemitism from early tensions within the young Christian communities to Holocaust denial, including tensions in the United States and in the Muslim world.

HIS 340
Women and Gender in Latin America
This course follows the history of women and gender ideologies in Latin America from the beginning of the colonial period up to the present. In the first half of the course, the colonial period, students discuss European gender expectations in Latin America, and look at the responses to those expected roles that many women took: mother, lover, nun, wife, widow, plantation owner and adventurer. The course looks at the very different experiences of and standards for non-European women in the Americas. The second half of the course looks at women in Latin America from the mid-19th century up to the present, again exploring different roles those women assumed, from workers, to suffragettes, to artists, politicians and revolutionaries. The course also looks at gender ideologies such as patriarchy, machismo and marianismo, and how they impacted both men and women. Throughout the course students examine both extraordinary and ordinary women and discuss the diverse roles they have played in the history of Latin America through the reading of texts, primary accounts, the viewing of films and documentaries, and discussion.

HIS 345
Sex and Society in the Early Modern Europe
This course explores the changing notions of sexuality and the family in European society between the fourteenth and the seventeenth centuries. This era of history witnessed the Renaissance, the Reformation of the church, the Scientific Revolution, overseas Exploration, and the Enlightenment – all of which greatly affected gender norms and sexual codes. Historians have recently begun to explore how definitions of masculinity and femininity evolved in tandem with other domains such as statecraft, medicine, technology, religion, commerce, aesthetics, and jurisprudence. Throughout this semester we will read and discuss both primary and secondary sources that address topics like sexuality and identity, illicit and licit sexual acts, witchcraft, performance and travesty, pornography, patriarchy and morality, education and science.  General Studies Connections-Humanities-Global

HIS 352
Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World: Explorations in the History of the Black Diaspora from Sao Tome to Saint Domingue
A majority of the persons who migrated to the Americas before 1800 came from Africa. Very few of them came willingly, but without their economic and cultural contributions the world we know today would not have come into being. The goal of this course is to begin to understand the experiences and achievements of these Africans and their descendants in four regions of the Atlantic world – Africa itself, Brazil, the West Indies and the Chesapeake – between the mid- 15th century and the revolutionary struggle for Haitian independence at the beginning of the 19th century. General Studies Connections-Global-Humanities

HIS 361
The Early Middle Ages (500-1000)
After the decline of the Roman Empire, Western Europe entered into an era of turmoil, fragmentation, and invasion. Several generations of scholars dismissed this five hundred year time period as nothing more than the “Dark Ages.” But recently, more innovative historians have brought to light the dynamic religious, political, and cultural developments which preserved and formed a distinctive society in the west. In this course, we shall examine several themes that allow us to piece together this violent yet exciting period. Attention will be paid to why the Catholic Church emerged as the principal institution that unified the various people of Europe under a common faith and a pope in Rome. We will trace how early monarchs used different tactics to consolidate power in the territories that would become France, England and Germany. Much of our time together will also be dedicated to the exploration of how cultural identities became defined in law and in literature, and how people accommodated the waves of migration from the east and north. A final issue that we will consider is how and why Europe survived a succession of catastrophes and outside threats to emerge fairly stable, prosperous, and thriving intellectually by the year 1000. General Studies Global Connections-Humanities

HIS 362
The Later Middle Ages (1000-1500)
The year 1000 marked a turning point in the history of Western Civilization. Finally, Europe began to flourish economically, politically and intellectually after centuries of chaos and turmoil. Throughout the semester, we shall trace issues such as the rise and fall of the Catholic Church’s influence, the centralization of papal authority, and the spiritual shift towards a “persecuting society” made manifest in the inquisition. We will examine the formation of national monarchies, and the bureaucratic tools that contributed to the escalation of political power. These two powers (secular and spiritual) fought constantly for supreme sovereignty well into the early modern period, and they began to articulate early definitions of the separation of church and state. From a cultural perspective, this course will introduce students to the reality of romanticized topics such as the rise of the knights and courtly love, in addition to destructive events like the crusades, the Hundred Years War, and the Black Death.  General Studies Global Connections-Humanities

HIS 370
Early Modern Europe
What ties together the first use of knives and forks, witchcraft, coffeehouses, divine monarchs and the first electricity experiments? Europe’s early modern period, extending from the end of the Renaissance to the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789. This era reflects the slow decline of certain notions of nobility and monarchy and the development of new ideas concerning science, rationality and freedom, all of which influence modern Europe to varying degrees. This course examines several facets of this time period, including the rise of absolutism, early modern popular culture, mercantilism and the rise of slavery, and the Enlightenment and its challenges to the established order.

HIS 373
The Holocaust
This course investigates the Holocaust, one of the most significant events in modern European history. To do so, the course first considers the conditions within European society that led to the Final Solution. Among the themes included are: the role and image of the Jew in European society; the development of racial anti-Semitism in the 19th century; and the assimilation of the Jews in Western European societies. Although this course focuses primarily on the destruction of the European Jews, it cannot, however, be divorced from the history of Nazi Germany, nor can it ignore the plight and suffering of non-Jews who also experienced the concentration and extermination camps. Therefore, several other themes are incorporated: Hitler’s rise to power in Germany; the development and implementation of Nazi policy concerning the “enemies” of Nazism; life within the ghettos and concentration camps; issues of collaboration and resistance both in and outside Germany; the Nuremberg trials; and the legacy of Nazism in contemporary American and European society. General Studies Connections-Global-Humanities

HIS 374
Germany since 1800
This course offers an introduction to major events and themes of modern German history. It focuses on continuities and ruptures in German society during the eras of the Second Empire, the Weimar Republic, National Socialism, the competing Republicans and the (unified) Federal Republic of Germany. Major questions include the supposed “special path” to industrial and state formation; the impact of total war; the importance of confessional difference in culture and society; the effects of economic and political crisis; the emergence of the “New Woman”; the nature of Nazi dictatorship; the conditions of genocide; the development of democracy; the German “economic miracle”; the East-German state; and the social and political consequences of German unification. General Studies Connections-Global-Humanities (formerly HIS 270)

HIS 375
France since 1789
This course is designed as a survey of the major political, social and cultural events and trends that define the trajectory of modern French history from the French Revolution to the present. Two essential problems have defined the broad trajectory of the French history in the 19th and 20th centuries: first, how to deal with the legacy of the Great French Revolution of 1789-1794 and how to deal with the explosive social tensions that industrialization generates. These issues also affect matters of national identity, class conflict, the proper relation between the society and the individual and the role of society (through the state) in regulating economic activity. History can serve as an interesting lens through which to examine these problems because, like other nations, France responded to these problems in its own way, which included five republics, four kings, two emperors, two world wars and one Fascist regime.  General Studies Connections-Global-Humanities (formerly HIS 265)

HIS 380
Violence and Democracy in Modern India
This course introduces key themes and events in modern India. The fundamental puzzle it considers is how India develops in spite of its many challenges.   India is the world’s largest democracy, a nuclear power, has a vibrant economy, produces more feature films than any other country, and gained its independence through a nonviolent revolution. Yet India is plagued by religious, caste, and gender-based violence, suffers from pressing social inequalities, and is involved in dangerous international rivalries with its nuclear-armed neighbors. The struggles between contrasting ideas of India have animated politics for decades. To help answer the main question, the course considers the themes of: colonial legacies, the tensions between Nehru’s vision of a secular, centralized country, nationalists’ visions of a Hindu nation, and regional leaders’ efforts for autonomy. Along with these internal struggles, wars with Pakistan and China, efforts to maintain non-alignment during the cold war, and an eventual economic liberalization marked India’s international position. The course concludes by considering India’s possible futures in light of its past challenges. General Studies Connections-Global-Humanities

HIS 493
Seminar – United States Topics
This seminar is devoted to topics in United States history.

HIS 494
Seminar – European Topics
This seminar is devoted to topics in European history.

HIS 495
Seminar – World Topics
This seminar is devoted to topics in World history.