Human Anatomy and Physiology
An overview of basic human anatomy and physiology emphasizing the relationship to issues of wellness and disease. The course will enable students to better understand the functioning of organ systems of the body and their interactions. Modern applications in the areas of genetics, reproduction, nutrition and health will be included. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week.

General Botany (W)
Study of the structure and function of flowering plants and the morphology classification and life histories of algae, fungi, bryophytes, ferns, and seed plants. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week.

Prerequisites: 201, 202.

Applied Botany (W)
The study of plants and fungi of economic or social importance. Included will be a study of agricultural crops, important wood and fiber products, ornamental plants of gardens and countryside, and medicinal and hallucinogenic plants and fungi. An overview of basic morphology and anatomy also will be covered. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week.

Prerequisite: 202 or permission of the instructor. Offered alternate years.

Ecology (W)
The study of the relationships between animals and plants and their natural environments. Factors shaping the distribution and abundance of organisms, populations, and communities are discussed. Specific emphasis is given to factors such as competition, predation, herbivory, mutualism, physiology, climate, energy flow, and biochemical cycles that influence species adaptations and, in turn, patterns of distribution and abundance. The laboratory is designed to provide experience in the field using several techniques for monitoring both plant and animal populations, as well as environmental parameters in a variety of habitats. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week.

Prerequisites: 201, 202.

Plant Taxonomy
Principles of classification of vascular plants; survey of major plant families, including identification and field study of local plants. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week. Offered alternate years.

Prerequisite: 202 or permission of the instructor.

General Bacteriology
An introduction to the fundamental concepts of microbiology. Physiology, genetics, immunology, medical bacteriology, virology, and concepts of applied microbiology will be discussed. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week.

Prerequisites: 201,203; CHE 103,104 or 105,106, and 207, 208.

Developmental Biology
Emphasis on topics relevant to vertebrate development with some time devoted to the embryology of invertebrates and plants. The lecture shows continuity between classical embryological work and modern experimental biology. The laboratory is divided between classical and experimental work. Three hours lecture and three hours laboratory per week.

Prerequisites: 201, 203.

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (W)
Emphasis is on understanding the functional and comparative anatomy of the vertebrates through exploration of vertebrate structure and function from an evolutionary perspective. Protochordates, lamprey eel, shark, mudpuppy, and cat are dissected to compare the basic architectural patterns of vertebrate systems and to discover ways in which existing structural patterns are modifications of ancestral patterns. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week.

Prerequisite: 201.

Histology and Microtechniques
A study of tissue histology and ultrastructure, including an introduction to a number of methods for preparing material for study using light and electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, photomicroscopy, macrophotography, digital imaging, and image processing. The course is designed to be a useful introduction to both research techniques and clinical procedures. The course involves three hours lecture and two hours laboratory per week, plus additional lab time by arrangement.

Prerequisite: 201.

Vertebrate Physiology
Emphasis on the basic principles of physiology and applications of these concepts in representative animals from different phylogenetic groups. Provides a basic background in many areas of physiology, with select systems examined in considerable detail to provide students with a basis for understanding mechanisms common to many vertebrate systems. Laboratories involve use of physiological instrumentation and computer simulations designed to examine some basic principles of physiology, specific functions of major organ systems, and the physiological mechanisms by which some organisms are adapted to live in specific environments. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week.

Prerequisites: 201, CHE 105,106.

Cell Biology (W)
An investigation into the many aspects of cell structure and function, including the importance of proteins and other macromolecules encountered within cells, as well as specific cellular organelles. Intracellular sorting, protein targeting, and signal transduction will be examined, along with the mechanisms involved in cancer and programmed cell death. Laboratory exercises will introduce students to sterile cell culture techniques and the skills involved in establishing and manipulating plant and animal cell cultures. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week.

Prerequisites: BIO 201, 203 and CHE 207, 208.

Evolution
Emphasis is placed on the study of population genetics in understanding speciation, selection pressures, mutations in the population, phyletic and quantum evolution, and adaptation. The historical development of the concept of evolution also is discussed. Intended for students in the natural sciences, social sciences, and religious studies. Three hours lecture per week.

Prerequisites: 201, 203.

Molecular Genetics (W)
An approach to understanding the genetic systems of viruses, bacteria, protists, plants, and animals in molecular terms. Areas of discussion include immunogenetics, transposition, gene cloning, control of gene expression, and the molecular biology of developmental processes. Lab work emphasizes basic methods used for isolation, analysis, and cloning of DNA molecules. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week.

Prerequisites: 201 and 203 and CHE 207 and 208. BIO 321 recommended.

Behavioral Endocrinology Seminar (W)
An investigation of the interactions between hormones and behavior through the study of phenomena ranging from the molecular level to the social level. Behavioral endocrinology is studied from a comparative perspective by including examples from many different kinds of animals, to illuminate the various hormonal and behavioral mechanisms that have evolved in animals to deal with common problems of reproduction and survival. Offered in alternate years with BIO 493.

Prerequisite: BIO 201

Seminar on Special Topics (W)
Discussions and written assignments provide an opportunity for exploration of specific topics in depth using a seminar format. Emphasis placed on development of communication skills and ability to read and evaluate original scientific literature. Seminar topics include such areas as cell ultrastructure, immunobiology, neurobiology, and environmental issues. BIO 492 Environmental Biology Seminar A seminar concerning areas of biological research that have helped to describe, explain, or solve problems of adverse human impact on ecosystems. The main emphasis of this course is on freshwater biology, including water pollution and the introduction of non-native species. Other major topics are the biology of endangered species and recent unnatural changes in forest structure.

Prerequisite: BIO 202.

Environmental Biology Seminar
A seminar concerning areas of biological research that have helped to describe, explain, or solve problems of adverse human impact on ecosystems. The main emphasis of this course is on freshwater biology, including water pollution and the introduction of non-native species. Other major topics are the biology of endangered species and recent unnatural changes in forest structure.

Prerequisite: BIO 202.

Neuroethology: The Neural Basis of Behavior (W)
A seminar course designed to integrate the results of behavioral field studies and neurobiological lab work. Problems of interest for written and oral assignments will include signal detection, recognition, discrimination, localization, decision-making, coordination, orientation, and the control of complex acts. Further areas of interest may include the neuronal and hormonal mechanisms underlying periodic changes in behavior, as well as the ontogeny and the evolution of behavior and its mechanisms. Offered in alternate years with BIO 490.

Prerequisite: 201.

Mammalogy Seminar (W)
A seminar concerning the taxonomy, ecology, evolution, and economic importance of mammals. Lectures present an overview of mammalian ecology and evolution, interspersed with student presentations based on readings from current literature in the field. Students also design, develop, and provide a written proposal of a research project addressing some aspect of mammalogy. The laboratory involves a survey of the major mammalian orders with an emphasis on identification of species native to Pennsylvania, and field techniques used for studying mammalian populations. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week. Offered in alternate years with BIO 497.

Prerequisite: BIO 202.

Behavioral Ecology Seminar (W)
The behavior of animals within their natural environments is addressed, including strong emphasis of the relationships between animal behavior, ecology and evolution of various vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. Primary areas of interest will include foraging behavior, mating systems, parental care, sociality, fighting and assessment, cooperation, game theory, communication, and dispersal/migratory behavior. An overview of behavioral ecology will be presented in lecture format, while specific areas will be explored through student presentations of readings from the current literature in the field. Students will also design, develop, and present a research proposal. Offered in alternate years with BIO 494.

Prerequisite: BIO 202 and either BIO 311 or BIO 342.

Immunology Seminar (W)
Analysis of the vertebrate immune system, including antibody structure and function, B- and T-cell function, immune response mechanisms, serology, immunogenetics, and immunopathology. Written and oral assignments emphasize critical analysis and discussion of current journal articles in immunobiology. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week.

Prerequisite: BIO 203 and either 321 or 343.